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The Stokes simulation was not able to predict relative permeability with this method due to the major flow paths in the macroporosity being impeded by the injected non-wetting phase. Nitrogen was experimentally co-injected through the core with doped brine at a 50% fractional flow and imaged to capture the two-phase effective permeability and was compared with the simulated numerical permeability. Additionally, we investigated the implications of including microporosity in the estimation of relative permeability. However, the velocity fields with the S–B simulation captured stagnant regions of the pore space that were not present in the Stokes simulations. An agreement was seen between the computed permeability of the Stokes and S–B simulation with the measured permeability. The flow through the pore space was solved using the Stokes–Brinkman (S–B) and Stokes-only solvers, and the differences between the measured permeability and computed permeabilities were evaluated. The contrast between the images was used to assign a porosity to each voxel of connected microporosity.
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A micro-core of Estaillades was then scanned using X-ray microtomography (μCT), the differential pressure was measured during single-phase flow, and the rock was flooded with doped brine. We found a good match between the experimental and simulated Mercury Intrusion Capillary Pressure (MICP) range in the imaged geometry and a good match between the imaged and object-generated permeabilities and MICP. The information from the nano-XRM scan was then used as input into an object-based pore network generator, on which permeability fields were simulated for a range of porosities, creating a synthetic Kozeny–Carman porosity–permeability relationship targeted for the specific microporous system present in Estaillades. First, a nano-core from a microporous grain of Estaillades limestone was scanned using nanotomography (nano-XRM). In this study, we use combined experimental, modeling, and pore space generation methods to tackle the impact of microporosity on the flow properties of Estaillades limestone. 4Zeiss Microscopy, Pleasanton, CA, United StatesĬarbonate rocks have multiscale pore systems that are weakly understood.3Math2Market GeoDict, Kaiserlautern, Germany.
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2Shell Global Solutions, The Hague, Netherlands.1Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Menke 1,2 *, Ying Gao 2, Sven Linden 3 and Matthew G.
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